Strategic Organizational Strategy

What steps need to be taken before we implement an organizational strategy?

The steps that need to be taken before the implementation of strategy are;

·         The first step is to identify the unique valuable position of the business, differentiated activities and tradeoffs with some ground work.

·         The next step is to make analysis of strategic organizational implications

·         Then identify the strategy delivery organizational requirements

·         After that conduct the gap analysis

·         Identify the transition and transformation needs

·         Create an organizational strategy plan

·         Establish detailed implementation plan

·         Then create communication, commitment and implementation strategies

·         After that take the key organizational strategy initiatives

·         Finally, implement the strategy

Why are time frames so important to the implementation of an organizations strategy?

Implementation is the procedure that changes plans and strategies into actions in so that strategic goals and objectives are accomplish. Strategic plan implementation on time is as significant as the business strategy. For such type of corporations that have a strategic plan in place, wasting energy and time on the process of planning and then non implementation of plan is very disappointing. Even though the implementation of plan may not be the most attracting thing to discuss about, it is an essential business exercise, which is critical for any type of strategy to keep on hold. The time frame is important because strategic plan determines why and what type of activities, but the implementation process addresses the where, who, how and when. The reality is that both things are crucial to success. Truly, business can reap competitive advantage with the help of implementation of strategies on time.

What role does the sequence of execution play?

The sequence of execution in the strategic implementation process plays very important role. However, it is not necessary to follow this proper sequence but for effective decision making and being successful it is necessary to follow the implantation process step by step. Suppose after the planning of strategy we try to control it, it would be a waste of time. Because the best time of controlling is after the implementation of strategy without its implementation it cannot be controlled.

References 

Nag, R. (2007). What is strategicmanagement, really? New York: Wiley.

Exercise Triggers Stem Cells in Muscles

It has been discovered by the researchers that stem cells exist in the muscles of human being are responsive when a men or women exercises. Much of researches in this field has been conducted more researches can direct to new techniques of therapeutic nature by using these stem cells to recover the muscle injured previously and rehabilitate or prevent loss of muscle with age. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in very thin muscles are considered very significant for the repair of muscle in reaction to the injury of non-physiological nature, mainly in the response of injections which have chemical nature that considerably injure the tissue of muscle and cause inflammation. The researchers researched out that whether Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) also reacted to injury while exercising.

Because the exercise can cause some damage as part of the process of remodeling nature after the mechanical strain, it is strange if the accumulation of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was a response of natural type to exercise and whether these stem cells add to the valuable growth and rehabilitation process that emerge after the exercise.

The researchers also discovered that Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the muscles are greatly receptive and reactive to mechanical injury. They witnessed that the accumulation of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the mice muscles after energetic and forceful exercise. Then, the researchers concluded that although Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) don't immediately help in making fibers for new muscle, they release factors of growth that encourage other stem cells in muscles to generate and fuse the fresh muscles, creating the cellular basis for healthy muscle health after the proper exercise.

The research has determined that stem cell in muscle of an adult may present the beginning for the health of muscle with the help of exercise and improved the muscle healing with movement/rehabilitation therapy. The reality that MSCs in the human being muscle have the power to discharge great concentrations of development factor into the system that is called circulatory through the exercise and also make us surprised if they present a complex relation among improved health for complete body and contribution in regular activity that is of physical nature.

Although it has been found that exercise is the greatest way for maintaining muscle as we get older, some people are even not adept to efficiently indulge in physical activity. In this way the disabilities can restrict the chances for the growth of muscle. The researchers are working with their full potential to know that how people can best use these stem cells efficiently and effectively to maintain the mass of muscle in the atrophy face.

Provided that the prompt increase in neurodegenerative diseases that are age-related, consisting dementia, it is of much significant to determine strategies to prevent, slow, even reverse such cognitive decline which is age-related. Even though, it is well-recognized that ordinary aging association reduces in cognitive and neurogenesis function, little is presently known concerning the influences of aging on the neural precursor endogenous cell population.  

Further, it has been provided that the stem cells in other parts of the body are recognized to turn into a compromise with older age people because they are powerless to replace damaged or lost cells effectively, researchers wanted to identify whether this was also the condition for those stem cells that are neural in nature and whether reversing or slowing the decline system would result in enhanced function. The researches that have been conducted in the past have shown that physical exercise encourages the neuron-genesis in the hippocampus in both aged and young mice, and can slow that memory loss which is age-related.

Depending on these results the researchers are still wanted to identify that whether physical exercise can reverse or slow the decline which age-related in the stem cells that are neural and are in charge for the production of new cell.  In addition to this, researchers are exploring the possible mechanisms that are responsible for the physical exercise and based on the endogenous neural stem cells activation and came to know those hormones which are related to the growth may be closely concerned in the process of activation.  

 Only at present, the neuroscientists understand that the brain protects a pool of neural stem cells, even into adult people, waiting to be hired to establish new connections. This is a significant portion of neural learning and plasticity. At present it has been known that the stem cells are there, researches are in process to conclude maximum things, even involving regulations related to them. Possibly they participate a role in particular diseases, like Alzheimers. Or possibly they could be oppressed to prevent or treat such diseases.

In conclusion, this a core step in gaining knowledge about the neural stem cells, but it is just the start for the long term understanding to hopefully understand the environmental and genetic factors that effect the function of neural stem cell. It is usually complex to extrapolate from this type of basic science to the applications of clinical nature – people never understand what type of applications will emerge.

Works Cited

Thomas M., et.al. (2003). "Myostatin negatively regulates satellite cell activation and self-renewal." Journal of Cell Biol 162 (6): 1135–47.

Sampaolesi M., et al. (2006). "Mesoangioblast stem cells ameliorate muscle function in dystrophic dogs". Nature 444 (7211): 545–9.

"Stem-cell therapy: Promise and reality." Consumer Reports on Health 17.6 (2007): 9–10. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.

DNA and Molecule

DNA and Molecule

Section-1

Introduction

The entire world is moving with a robust pace and continuous development in every field is apprising that the current era is the era of globalization. It has been observed that there is a marginal level of research has been conducted in almost every field (Ahmed, pp.25).

The availability of extensive amount of literature and researches make it very easy for the researchers to complete their researches in a well planned and professional manner. Biology is a field, which has been in a critical phase of research and continuous development from last few decades and consequently, lots of things have been derived and tailored accordingly (Ahmed, pp.38).

Theoretically, Biology is a branch of natural sciences related with the study of life and organisms. The study not only includes its details and branches but it also deals with the structure, function, growth and evolution of living things and living organism.

Science has developed numerous things in almost every subject. The concept of older scientists and biologists are now termed as vague in some circumstances because of the arrival of new researches and things in it. Among numerous concepts of Biology, the concept of molecule and DNA has its own significance. It is observed that the molecule can now tangle up with DNA for more than 2 weeks.

The main perspective of this study is to analyze the same broadly. The assignment is categorized in two different sections in which the first section comprises on introduction of the topic along with a short intro of molecule and DNA followed by analysis.

What Molecule is all about?

Molecule can be found in everything. It presents in Physics and atomic power subjects as tiny particles which later on interchange in atomic and hydrogen bombs. While in Biology, the concept of molecule is bit different than the concept underlies in physics (Ahmed, pp.38).

Molecules likewise physics, are small particles that evolves in both a living and non living body (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.78). Molecules are referred as atoms because it divided in tiny and small particles. There are few atoms found in the universe from which the molecules of living things are made from (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.78). They are very small in nature and founds in the entire body of a living likewise the stars in a universe (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.98).   

According to biologist, the movement of molecule is extremely important for a living being to live. Each molecule found in the body of a person has a unique shape and factor which allows it to interact that molecule with other substantial molecules found in the body (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.25).

Biologists referred molecules as bacteria found in the body of living being and according to them, a living being cannot live without the movement and interaction of movement with each other because it is one of the reasons of flow of blood in a human body (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.47). Molecules are not only useful for the movement of blood but, it also important for the senses to work and keep all the creatures alive. The next heading which will be mentioned here is DNA.

What DNA is all about?

The acronym of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It is one of the important molecule found in a human body and it is one of the most important ingredient for living a life. DNA is basically a nucleic acid containing the instructions of genetics which merely used in the functioning and development of all known and unknown organism. It is pre-requisite to analyze the involvement of DNA in a body, that no RNA virus would be present (Shaheer & Jameel, 2010).

DNA is basically a thing that carries genetic information called genes. DNA is a valuable part of molecules which are essential for a living being to live; in fact DNA is one of the major macromolecules that are more than important for the forms of life (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.22). The process of DNA had discovered in late of 18^th century and then later one numerous amounts of researches have been devoted on this particular topic.

There are two polymers on which the entire concept of DNA consists which regarded as nucleotides. Both of the polymers move in opposite directions to each other, hence they are called as anti parallel molecules.

The cells of the DNA organized into a long and broad structure called as chromosomes and these are extremely important for doing the DNA test of any living being. People assume that there is possible linkage between chromosomes and genetics but the idea is still under developed because no one has discovered that how chromosomes work (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.22). Medical sciences had has done a lot of researches on this particular thing and have found numerous interesting things and facts acquaintance with the concept of DNA (Samuels, 2010). Due to the research on DNA, it is experimented that whose baby belongs to whose. Medical sciences test the DNA and the molecule of the father and then the baby and then compare it to reach on a conclusion that whether or not the baby belongs to a certain person. After getting the basic idea of biological molecules and DNA, let’s now move towards the predefined theme of the paper.

Section-2

Is molecule can now tangle up with DNA for more than 2 weeks?

Among numerous works had has conducted in the medical sciences, the work on DNA is one of them. Lots of biologists and doctors have come up with different researches and tests said that molecules found in a living body can now tangle up with the DNA for more than 2 weeks. Tangle means twisting or intervening in a body (Samuels, pp.25).

The Universities of United States and Austria have come up with lots of considerable researches on this particular topic (Samuels, pp.27). Chemists working in the University of Texas and Austria have come up with the creation of a molecule which has the propensity to tangle up with the DNA for a long span of time (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.108). Before this research, molecules can hardly tangle up with the DNA for more than 2 days but the creation of new molecule can itself tangle inside the double helix of a DNA for up to 16 days (Samuels, pp.78).

According to the chemist of United States and Austria, it is one of the most imperative steps ever took in the history of medical sciences that step along the path to someday creating drugs that can go with the DNA directly (Wasiq, pp.25).

Brent Iverson, one of the Chemists researched and manufactured that molecule stated in his research published by department of Chemistry of United States, DNA and molecule have bind together in the same way as a snake climb on a ladder and it moves in either directions through the central staircase with the section fit between those steps (Wasiq, pp.31).

According to Brent, there is a strong reason behind taking this particular step of manufacturing a molecule which can tangle up with the DNA for a long span of time (let say two weeks). According to him, the molecules presented in a living body can only live for a day or two when it associates with DNA; hence it is extremely difficult for a doctor to diagnose different diseases in a person like HIV, cancer and other genetic disease (Wasiq, pp.21).

Brent, whose research was published in Nature Chemistry, stated that, there are numerous obstacles surround this concept to overcome on the treatment of above mentioned diseases.

Now a question arise that, if the molecules can tangle up with the DNA then what would be the benefits and outcome? As mentioned earlier that the diagnosis of different diseases like HIV, cancer, retroviruses and other types of genetic diseases is very difficult instantly and it requires time to the doctors or surgeons to have a proper diagnose and recommend a specific medical treatment for it. This delay can prolong the time of recovery of a person or sometimes it may result as a certain death (Wasiq, pp.25).

Now with the help of manufacturing of a new molecule, it is possible to tangle up the molecules with the DNA for more than 2 weeks (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.35). This particular research wills certainly assists the doctors to have a proper diagnose of different diseases resulted from that (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.98). The research and idea of thins thing is still unfamiliar among most of the people even who belongs to medical science subjects as well, hence proper study is required to aware the people at least the medical science professionals and students to get most of the benefit from this research and try to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the consequences resulting from these things.

Conclusion

The concept of biology deals with the medical sciences and it relates to the living things. There are hundreds of thousands of concept come under the ambit of biology and DNA testing and researching is one of them (Wasiq, pp.47). There are certain molecules studied in biology which have a direct contact with the life of a living being and molecules tangling up with DNA are one of them which have its own significance.

Medical Sciences have come up with new researches on this topic and have created a molecule which can tangle up with the DNA for more than two weeks. There are numerous benefits have jotted down in second section of report and this particular research will certainly go for long in near future (Shaheer & Jameel, pp.22). Still the concept is unfamiliar among most of the medical science students because of its very and complex nature, thus it’s a time to reveal the researches among different literature of medical.

Works Cited

Ahmed, Kaleem, what DNA is? Pearson Group Publications (2006)

Shaheer, Massom & Jameel, Massom, DNA Testing and Molecules, McGraw Hill Publications (2010)

Samuels, Jackson, DNA Testing and Molecules, John Wiley & Sons Professional publications (2010)

Wasiq, Khliq, DNA Testing and Molecules, Pearson Group Publications  (2011)

Criminal Justice System

Criminal Justice Systemhttp://dodohelp.com/index.php/recent-papers/31-recent-projects/165-organizational-behaviore

Criminal Justice System is a body, in which local, public and private agencies involve in the process of crime investigation, gathering of relevant evidences, criminal apprehension, pressing charges and conducting trials for passing applicable sentences to criminals (Siegel and Senna, 2005).  . The main aim criminal justice system is to reduce crime and increase security of the public. It also focuses at rehabilitation of the victims. Prosecutor, Defense Attorney, Criminals and Victims play a major role in criminal justice system. This paper describes roles and functions of each individual in the criminal justice system and explains how victimization affects each role. This paper also elaborates on goals of alternative sanctions and how these goals help offenders to lead better life when they come out of prison sentence.

Prosecutor

Prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in the court. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting a case in the court against a person accused of breaking law.

Defense Attorney

Defense Attorney or defense lawyer is the one specialized in the defense of individuals and companies charged with criminal conduct.

Criminal & Victim

Criminal is an individual who has committed the crime where as a victim is a person, who suffered from the illegal activities of criminal.

What are the goals of sentencing associated with each role?

·         Sentencing is the duty of the court, but prosecutor has the role of assisting the courts in making its decision of appropriate sentence by drawing the court’s attention with regard to the following factors:              

·         Hearing to the victims personal statements

·         Any mitigating or aggravating factors disclosed by the prosecution case

·         Any statutory provisions, guideline cases which may assist

·         Prosecutor can also offer assistance to court by making submissions, in regard of the above factors, to decide the sentencing range in which the offense falls.

·         Prosecutor must set out in writing aggravating and mitigating factors when informing court of the case in sentence hearing in complex cases where there is a possibility of misunderstandings.

·         The duties such as applying for compensation and ancillary orders such as anti social behavior orders lies with the prosecutor.

·         Prosecutor should challenge assertions made by defense in mitigation which is misleading or derogatory.

·         Prosecutors must comply with Attorney general’s guidelines in accepting the pleas and prosecutor role in sentencing exercise.

·         A defense attorney should protect client’s rights through out the process of criminal prosecution

·         To increase the incapacitation to reduce the crime rate. Increased incapacitation on selected offenders to make them lead their normal life after they released from imprisonment.

·         Rehabilitation of offenders helps them to recover from the imprisonment life to lead regular life.

·         Reformation of offender

·         Satisfying the victim to taking steps to reduce the crime rates. In olden days, offenders used to get punishments to pacify victims but the imprisonment, nowadays, is a broad term. Criminal Justice System has been taking steps to train offenders in such a way to reduce the crime rates.

Goals of alternative sanctions

Form Government’s standpoint

·         Alternative sanctions should help governmental in-charge to use all community facilities for rehabilitation

·         Cost reduction of government resources (Stephan 2001). 

From Criminal’s Standpoint

·         To help offender to lead his or her regular life as an imprisonment dents an individual’s reputation and moral values. It is very difficult for a person to rebuild his regular lifestyle immediately after he comes back from imprisonment.

·         To help offender to get a better change to rehabilitate himself or herself.

·         To avoid process of prisonisation (Reid 1976, p. 592)

·         To help offender avoiding the shame of prison sentence

·         To create Intensive Supervision Probation

·         Organizing Boot Camps to create positive environment

·         Employment Counseling and Assistance. This will help offender to learn a specific skill set.

·         Income maintenance assistance

·         Drug and Alcohol Counseling

From Community’s Standpoint

·         To reduce the cost. Institutional treatment is much expensive than alternative sanctions

Recommendations regarding Victims Rights

·         It is very important to investigate an entity, which has violated victim’s rights.

·         Establishing a universally accessible statewide automated victim information notification system will definitely improve victim notifications.

·         It is advisable to maintain a website with toll-free number, which might become the sources for information on victim’s rights.

·         Creating awareness programs on victim rights would also help people to understand victim’s statutory and constitutional rights

·         Create media campaigns to increase the awareness of victims’ rights

·         Stop sharing the information of crime victim’s address or any other contact information without approval of victim (Lubitz and Ross2001).

Conclusion

Criminal Justice system is a body, which monitors any task related to crimes. Alternative sanctions will not only help offenders but also governments and communities. Government can save money by releasing criminals after training them to embrace life skills, employment skills and incapacitation. Offenders will learn to lead a good life after the prison sentence with the help of alternative sanctions. Victims’ Rights should be amended to include various awareness programs.

References

Lubitz, R.L., & Ross, T.W. (2001). Sentencing guidelines: Reflections on the Future. National Institute of Justice. Retrieved January 17, 2012, from <http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles1/nij/186480.txt>

Reid, S. T. (1976). Crime and Criminology, Dryden Press, Hinsdale, Illinois, p. 623.

Siegel, L.J., & Senna, J.J. (2005).  Introduction to criminal justice: Tenth edition. Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth.

Stephan, James (2001).  State Prison Expenditures, 2001. Office of Justice Programs, United States. Dept. of Justice. Retrieved  January 17, 2012 from <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/spe01.pdf>

Christian Counselling

Work place ethics determines the moral or the ethical soundness of an act or lack of it thereof, on the basis of related consequences. In the strictest sense of utilitarian thought, an act is moral if it results to the greatest good of the greatest number of people (Morrison, 2010). It has a similar perspective to the consequential theory, in that they both judge an act on the basis of the good that comes out of it. For instance, it would be morally right if a bus driver overran a child crossing the road, if avoiding him would have endangered the lives of several passengers. In the corporate world, utilitarianism comes into play when those in leadership like the counselors make economically sound decisions, but in the process overlook or ignore some moral considerations. An example is when a bribe is given to clinch a lucrative contract. Bribery is wrong, but the action is justified since the company makes a profit from the contract and at the same time, creates employment opportunities in terms of the manpower that will be hired (Heather, 25).

Justice violations in the work place have become a subject of discussion in both the public and private sectors.  Some of the most common forms of violations include discrimination, harassment and skewed pay patterns.  These forms of discrimination have become even more apparent with the advent of globalization which has led to integration of work cultures, people and styles of management (Mittelman, 2002). In an effort to fit in a globalized world, many organizations are putting more emphasis on promoting market integration and growth at the expense of balanced development and social and economic equity. From the Christian counseling perspective, many are still not well informed on whether they are operating under the state regulation or the Christian regulation which may not be party to the state regulations in counseling field.

In the state counseling regulations, the counselors are said to operate from the view that they do work in the support of the politically aligned correct position in determining right and wrong. This is supported by the fact they the state counselors should be in position to support what the appears in the face of the Christian perspective as sin like the support to homosexuality. The state licensed therapists are said to operate based on the law of the country where issues like abortion, homosexuality, and divorce as normal lifestyle in the society. In a Christian set up of counseling, this is contrally to their rules and even to the bible.

Another difference between the two groups is that the state counselors are governed by the government while the Christian counselors are governed by the religious institutions or the body of Christ. For instance in the Canadian set up, their counseling approach is based on the fact that the belief of the counselor is motivated by the care and the virtue basing of the reason that they are quite sure that it is the right thing to do. The virtue ethics therefore focus on the counselor as the agent of ethics having the capacity to make ethical considerations that could be complex. The NCCA mode entirely follows the bible faith based and the examples on the teaching of Jesus Christ (Retnowati, 63).

In the Christian profession of counseling, all the counselors under this category have not been clear on where to place themselves, are they in any way supposed to be held accountable and if so to whom. Counseling licenses from the American states does require a person to follow the regulations that have been set by the country. Christian counselors are ordained and commissioned by the church or the religious institution that they are affiliated to which do in turn hold them accountable in their counseling practice. According to the Christian counseling set up, their counseling centre is said to offer anything possible that makes them viable counselors recognized by the National Association of Christian Counseling commonly referred to as NCCA.

Like the other counselors under the state council, Christian counselors are too entitled to allowances which are a demand for any professional work when it comes to service delivery expectation. The educators in Christian counseling set up are also educated just like those of the state council. When it comes to certification, it is upon an individual’s decision to decide whether he wants to serve as a counselor in church or in state council parastatal. The national Christian counselors association is in this case not a state licensed body which is more different compared to the American counselors association and the Canadian counselors association. The two state governed counselors bodies are under certain laws that govern their psychological practices unlike the Christian one. They differ from the Christian system in that they do offer general counseling and not as that specific as the Christian counseling system. Although the legislation in the national Christian counselors association do vary from state to state, their operation is purely professional for they insist on clear identification of the their credentials which is to keep check on the operations of the counselor to operate within their set legal ethical class with the aim of maintaining the public trust and even confidence (Tan, 18).

The other difference between the state or rather non Christian counseling body and the Christian based counselors is that the Christian based counselors are an NCCA credentialed and are purely running under the management of the church which is clearly defined compared to the state council governed counselors. It is believed that counselors that are held by the state are under ethical standards that are strict that do mandate people a free religious influence. They are also not in any way supposed to introduce anything to do with Christianity in their counseling solutions. According to the state regulations, introducing such activities may be termed as an ethical in the state regulations particularly if the funding is from the government. According to the United States and Canadian state counselors’ regulations, state counselors are not supposed to introduce personal opinions based on the Christian concept during the counseling sessions which include the Christian morals, the Christian activities, and even the Christian instructions. Despite the set regulations, it can happen otherwise only under circumstances that the counselee has requested this particular area. The weakness in this is that the state counselor may not be well versed with the bible verses to aid in the counseling as it would have been with the Christian based counselor. Pastors during the counseling are known to offer prayer and share their faith during the counseling sessions which makes them more distinct from the state governed counselors (Garry, 37).

            

References

Boyle Heather. Ethical Issues in Prisoner Treatment, Offender Therapy, and Community   Reentry: International Perspectives and Policy Considerations . Journal of  Forensic           Psychology Practice. Routeledge publishers, 1998, pp. 25

Collins Gary. Christian counseling. Word publishers, 1998, pp. 37

Ernest Retnowati. Worked Example Effects in Individual and Group         Work Settings.            Educational Psychology. SAGE publishers, 2001, pp 63

Syang wu Tan. Lay counseling, equipping Christians for helping ministry. Zondervan publishers.  2003, pp. 18

Cells Cycle and Cancer

Differences between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells

Normal Cells will be divided in a structured way in order to produce more cells only when the body needs them where as with regards to cancer cells, more cells will be created continuously without any control. Sometimes, a mass of the tissue will be created, which is also called as tumor. Normal cells derive 20 percent of their energy from a system called ‘Glycolysia’ and 70 percent of energy from a system called ‘Kerb Cycle’. Cancer cells derive nearly 99.9 percent of energy from the system called ‘Glycolysia. Oxygen is the main source of energy for normal cells where as cancer cells will derive most of their energy without oxygen. Normal cells will have a built-in blood vessel system where as cancer cells do not. Cancer cells need amino acids to build blood vessel system. The growth of normal cells is very normal and completely in control where as cancer cells will be hyper active in their growth. Enzymes and hormones behave in a balanced manner in normal cells where as enzymes and hormones behave either hyper active or under active in cancer cells (Dingli and Nowak 2006). 

Which type of cancer shows the most aggressive growth? Explain.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) shows most aggressive growth when compared to other dangerous cancers. The survival time for the patients who are suffering from the small cell lung cancer is nearly 3 to 4 months after diagnosis when untreated. Most of the small cell lung cancer cases are due to smoking and it is not really common in people who do not smoke. SCLC is more common in men than women and nearly 15 percent lung cancer patients are suffering for small scale lung cancer. SCLC starts at the center of the chest in the breathing tubes. Though, the cells are very small, they are very dangerous and effective in reproduction and growth. If these small cells crate a mass tissue, it will be immediately turned as a tumor. Small cell lung cancer can spread across the body very quickly. The major target areas for this kind of cancer are liver, brain and bone. Chemotherapy will be used to prolong the life of the patient that suffers from SCLC. The combination of chemotherapy and other methods can prolong the life of the patient up to 4 years. When suffering from SCLC, the chances of living for more than 5 years after the diagnosis are only 4 percent (Rosti, Bevilacqua  and  Bidoli March 2006).

Which type of tissue would have a higher mitotic index, normal tissue or cancerous tissue? Explain.

Mitotic index is used to calculate the ratio between the number of normal cells or total number of cells or between the number of cancer cells and total number of cells in the body. Mitotic index purely depends on the reproduction capability of the cells. If the reproduction capability of a particular cell is high, the mitotic index for that cell will also be very high and vice-versa. The mitotic index for cancer cells is higher than normal cells because cancer cells can reproduce their cells uncontrollably with their hyper active growth nature. The main reason behind large reproduction is high mutation of DNA in cancer cells. As per experts, the percentage normal cells dividing in normal tissue is 5 percent whereas in a cancerous lung tissue the percentage is around 25. Other reasons behind high mitotic index in cancer cells is unstructured way of cell creation, hyper active enzymes and hyper active hormones (Baak et al. (2008).

References

Baak, J. P. A.; Gudlaugsson, E.; Skaland, I.; Guo, L. H. R.; Klos, J.; Lende, T. H.; Søiland, H. V.; Janssen, E. A. M. et al. (2008). "Proliferation is the strongest prognosticator in node-negative breast cancer: Significance, error sources, alternatives and comparison with molecular prognostic markers". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 115 (2): 241–254.

Dingli D, Nowak MA (September 2006). "Infectious Cancer Cells". Nature 443 (7107): 35–6.

Rosti, G; Bevilacqua G, Bidoli P et al. (March 2006). "Small cell lung cancer".  Annals of Oncology 17 (Suppl. 2): 5–10.